摘要：
Biomass based porous carbon is a green and low-cost promising adsorbents for CO2 capture. However, most of these porous carbon were prepared under high-temperature and even multistep pyrolysis, and possessed poor textural properties and controllability. Here, enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) was used as carbon source to prepare O-rich N-doped porous carbon (LNPC) through a synthesis strategy that coupled hydrothermal treatment, mechanochemical assistance, and low-temperature activation for the first time. These porous carbon had the large specific surface areas (602.2 similar to 2030.7 m(2)/g), high microporosity, and abundant ultramicroporous (V-ultra) (0.19 cm(3)/g), as well as significant N doping and high O content (30.93 similar to 55.32 %). And the effects of the coupling method, activation temperature, and mechanical pressure and residence time on structural properties of lignin based porous carbon were investigated in detail. We found that the residence time had a good linear correlation for surface areas and micropore volume, respectively, meanwhile, the mechanical pressing exhibited better linear correlation for O content of LNPC, implied the preparation method had good controllability. LSY-P20-T20 prepared at activation temperature of 600 degree celsius with the mechanical pressure and time (20 MPa and 20 min) had the highest V-ultra, and high O content, and possessed the highest CO2 uptake (5.00 mmol/g). Subsequently, we found that the narrow micropore volume (with d < 1.0 nm) was the main factor for CO2 adsorption capacity, while O content showed more significant impact on determining CO2/N-2 selectivity and isosteric heat of adsorption (Q(st)) of LNPCs. This work provided a new feasible approach for cost-effective carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture.
摘要：
Momordica charantia L. is a kind of vegetable with medicinal value. As the main component of the vegetable, Momordica charantia polysaccharides (MCPs) mainly consist of galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose, rhamnose, mannose and the molecular weight range is 4.33×10(3)-1.16×10(6)Da. MCPs have been found to have various biological activities in recent years, such as anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-brain injury, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammation. In this review, we systematically summarized the extraction methods, structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of MCPs. Especially MCPs modulate gut microbiota and cause the alterations of metabolic products, which can regulate different signaling pathways and target gene expressions to exert various functions. Meanwhile, the potential structure-activity relationships of MCPs were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for better development or modification of MCPs. Future researches on MCPs should focus on industrial extraction and molecular mechanisms. In East Asia, Momordica charantia L. is used as both food and medicine. It is not clear whether MCP has its unique biological effects. Further study on the difference between MCPs and other food-derived polysaccharides will be helpful to the development and potential application of Momordica charantia L.
作者机构：
[Liu, Bo; Zhu, Dao-hong; Wang, Xiu-dan; Su, Cheng-yuan; Ren, Ye-song; Zeng, Yang] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Lab Insect Behav & Evolutionary Ecol, Changsha, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Bo] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Shenzhen Branch,Agr Genom Inst Shenzhen, Guangdong Lab Lingnan Modern Agr, Genome Anal Lab,Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Shenzhen 518000, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhu, DH ] C;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Lab Insect Behav & Evolutionary Ecol, Changsha, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Dryocosmus kuriphilus, commonly known as the chestnut gall wasp, belongs to the family Cynipidae and is native to China. It is a highly invasive insect species causing serious damage to chestnut trees and has rapidly spread to various continents, including Europe, North America, and Oceania. The D. kuriphilus has become one of the important pests of chestnut plants in the world and is listed as a quarantine object by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). In this study, we used PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads, and Hi-C sequencing data to construct a chromosome-level assembly of the D. kuriphilus genome. The assembled genome includes 14,729 contigs with a total length of 2.28 Gb and a contig N50 of 0.8 Mb. With Hi-C technology, 2.17 Gb (95.02%) of contigs were anchored and oriented into the 10 pseudochromosomes with the scaffold N50 of 198.8 Mb and the scaffold N90 of 158.8 Mb. In total, 24,086 protein-coding genes were predicted in the assembled D. kuriphilus genome as the reference gene set. A total of 1.82 Gb repeats (occupying 79.7% of the genome), including 1.42 Gb of transposable elements and 0.40 Gb of tandem repeats, were identified in D. kuriphilus genome. In the evaluation of completeness, the BUSCO analysis determined a level of 98.1% completeness for the assembled genome sequences based on the Insecta database (OrthoDB version 10). The high-quality genome assembly of D. kuriphilus will not only provide a valuable reference for the study of its evolutionary history and genetic structure but also facilitate the research of host-pest interactions and invasiveness. Moreover, this genome assembly will promote in the development of effective management strategies to mitigate the economic and ecological impacts of this invasive pest on chestnut trees and ecosystems.
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Crop harvested carbon (HC) is one of the most important components of the carbon cycle in cropland ecosystems, with a significant impact on the carbon budget of croplands. China is one of the most important crop producers, however, it is still unknown on the spatial and temporal variations of HC. This study collected statistical data on crop production at the province and county levels in China for all ten crop types from 1981 to 2020 and analyzed the magnitude and long-term trend of harvested crop carbon. Our results found a substantial increase of HC in cropland from 0.185 Gt C yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in 1981 to 0.423 Gt C yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in 2020 at a rate of 0.006 Gt C yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The results also highlighted that the average annual carbon sink removal from crop harvesting in China from 1981 to 2020 was 0.32 Gt C yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, which was comparable to the net carbon sink of the entire terrestrial ecosystems in China. This study further generated a gridded dataset of HC from 2001 to 2019 in China by using jointly the statistical crop production and distribution maps of cropland. In addition, a model-data comparison was carried out using the dataset and results from seven state-of-the-art terrestrial ecosystem models, revealing substantial disparities in HC simulations in China compared to the dataset generated in the study. This study emphasized the increased importance of HC for estimating cropland carbon budget, and the produced dataset is expected to contribute to carbon budget estimation for cropland ecosystems and the entire China.</jats:p>
摘要：
<jats:p>The optimization of explant selection and adjustment of plant growth regulators (PGRs) ratio may enhance the efficiency of micro-propagation of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. The findings of the study suggest that the shoot tip proved to be the optimal explant for regenerating adventitious buds, with an impressive regeneration rate of 77.78% and the average number of adventitious buds being 2.86. The ideal medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) at a 2 mg L−1, indoleacetic acid (IAA) at a 0.2 mg L−1, kinetin (KT) at 0.15 mg L−1, resulting in an outstanding regeneration rate of adventitious buds reaching up to 91.11%. For rooting purposes, the best medium was found be half-strength MS supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) 0.5 mg L−1, achieving an rate for adventitious roots amounting to as high as 97.78%. The culture plantlets ultimately thrived, achieving an impressive transplanting survival rate of 93.33%. The application of PGRs was also found to enhance the regeneration of adventitious buds by increasing the ratios of endogenous hormones ZR/IAA and GA3/IAA. Additionally, it facilitated the differentiation of adventitious roots by elevating the ratios of endogenous hormones IAA/ZR, IAA/GA3, and ABA/GA3. Our study would provide a theoretical reference for the establishment of an efficient gardenia tissue culture system and the industrial production of gardenia.</jats:p>
作者机构：
[Hua, Yan; Xu, Xuelin; Wang, Xianghe; Li, Yongzheng; Ren, Zhenyu; Wang, Kai; An, Fuyu] Guangdong Acad Forestry, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Silviculture Protect & Uti, Guangzhou 510520, Peoples R China.;[Li, Yongzheng] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Forestry, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Sunxiya] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Design, Shanghai 201100, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wang, K ] G;Guangdong Acad Forestry, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Silviculture Protect & Uti, Guangzhou 510520, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Chinese pangolin;semen morphology;sperm collection;sperm quality assessment
摘要：
Sperm characterization is an important part of reproductive biology and is particularly important for the conservation of endangered species in the wild. However, research on this aspect of the Chinese pangolin, an endangered species from mainland China, was extremely limited. Therefore, the present study fills the gap in this research area by first systematically providing the sperm collection methods and the characteristics of the spermatozoa of Chinese pangolin. The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a critically endangered species. However, there is a paucity of research on the male reproductive gamete biology of this species. The present study was the first to systematically analyse the sperm characterization of the Chinese pangolin, including semen collection, sperm morphometry and ultrastructure. The semen of five male Chinese pangolins was successfully collected using the electroejaculation method. CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis) was used to assess semen quality and take images for sperm morphometric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for sperm ultrastructure observation. The results showed that the semen of the Chinese pangolin was yellow to pale yellow in colour, viscous, with a fishy odour, and a slightly alkaline pH of between 7.7 and 7.9. The head defects were the main sperm defects; there were 13 kinds of head defects counted in this study. The total sperm length, head length, head width and tail length were 67.62 +/- 0.21 mu m, 10.47 +/- 0.06 mu m, 1.33 +/- 0.006 mu m and 57.16 +/- 0.20 mu m, respectively. SEM observed that the spermatozoa had a rod-shaped head with a distinct apical ridge, which was different from most mammals and similar to that in avians and reptiles. Interestingly, TEM found that the acrosome membrane of the Chinese pangolin had a double membrane structure rather than a multiple bi-lamellar membrane structure as reported by the previous study. Collectively, this study contributes to the development of artificial breeding efforts and assisted reproductive techniques for the Chinese pangolin, as well as providing technical support for research on germplasm conservation of this species.
摘要：
In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts (in algae and plants), ATP synthase plays a pivotal role as a photosynthetic membrane complex responsible for producing ATP from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate, utilizing a proton motive force gradient induced by photosynthesis. These two ATP synthases exhibit similarities in gene organization, amino acid sequences of subunits, structure, and functional mechanisms, suggesting that cyanobacterial ATP synthase is probably the evolutionary precursor to chloroplast ATP synthase. In this review, we explore the precise synthesis and assembly of ATP synthase subunits to address the uneven stoichiometry within the complex during transcription, translation, and assembly processes. We also compare the regulatory strategies governing ATP synthase activity to meet varying energy demands in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts amid fluctuating natural environments. Furthermore, we delve into the role of ATP synthase in stress tolerance and photosynthetic carbon fixation efficiency in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (OPsOs), along with the current researches on modifying ATP synthase to enhance carbon fixation efficiency under stress conditions. This review aims to offer theoretical insights and serve as a reference for understanding the functional mechanisms of ATP synthase, sparking innovative ideas for enhancing photosynthetic carbon fixation efficiency by utilizing ATP synthase as an effective module in OPsOs.
摘要：
Rhizosphere bacteria are critical for supporting plant performance in stressful environments. Understanding the assembly and co-occurrence of rhizosphere bacterial communities contributes significantly to both plant growth and heavy metal accumulation. In this study, Ligustrum lucidum and Melia azedarach were planted in soils with simulated varying levels of Pb-Zn contamination. The Rhizosphere bacterial communities were investigated by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The impacts of Pb-Zn contamination on the diversity and structure of the rhizosphere bacterial community were found to be greater than those of both tree species. The variation in bacterial community structure in both trees was mainly driven by the combinations of Pb-Zn and soil properties. Deterministic processes (non-planted, 82%; L. lucidum, 73%; M. azedarach, 55%) proved to be the most important assembly processes for soil bacterial communities, but both trees increased the importance of stochastic processes (18%, 27%, 45%). The rhizosphere co-occurrence networks exhibited greater stability compared to the non-planted soil networks. Rare taxa played a dominant role in maintaining the stability of rhizosphere networks, as most of the keystone taxa within rhizosphere networks belonged to rare taxa. Dissimilarities in the structure and network complexity of rhizosphere bacterial communities were significantly associated with differences in tree biomass and metal accumulation. These variations in response varied between both trees, with L. lucidum exhibiting greater potential for phytoremediation in its rhizosphere compared to M. azedarach. Our results offer valuable insights for designing effective microbe-assisted phytoremediation systems.
摘要：
Plastic pollution is a significant environmental concern globally. Plastics are normally considered chemically inert and resistant to biodegradation. Although many papers have reported enzyme-induced biodegradation of plastics, these studies are primarily limited to enzymes of microbial origin or engineered enzymes. This study reveals that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET, similar to 6000 Da and 100 kDa) particles and plastic bottle debris (PBD, 24.9 kDa) can be efficiently degraded by a mammal-origin natural phase II metabolic isozyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), under mild conditions. The degradation efficiency of PET plastics reached 98.9%, with a degradation rate of 2.6 g<middle dot>L-1<middle dot>h(-1) under ambient or physiological conditions at 1 atm. PET plastics can be degraded by GST with varying environmental or biological factors (i.e., temperature, light irradiation, pH, and presence of humic acid or protein). We suggest a novel mechanism for PET degradation other than hydrolysis, i.e., the mechanism of cleavage and release of PET plastic monomers via nitridation and oxidation. This finding also reveals a novel function of GST, previously thought to only degrade small molecules (<1000 Da). This method has been successfully applied in real human serum samples. Additionally, we have tested and confirmed the ability to degrade PET of a mammal-origin natural digestive enzyme (trypsin) and a human-derived natural metabolic enzyme (CYP450). Overall, our findings provide a potential new route to plastic pollution control and contribute to our understanding of the metabolism and fate of plastics in organisms.
期刊：
Land Degradation & Development,2024年35(11):3539-3551 ISSN：1085-3278
通讯作者：
Xiang, WH;Gunina, A
作者机构：
[Ren, Yan; Chen, Liang; Wang, Ying; Xiang, Wenhua; Zhang, Xiulan; Xiang, WH] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Fac Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Ren, Yan; Chen, Liang; Wang, Ying; Xiang, Wenhua; Zhang, Xiulan] Chinese Fir Plantat Ecosyst Hunan Prov, Huitong Natl Stn Sci Observat & Res, Huitong 438107, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Ying] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Appl Ecol, Key Lab Forest Ecol & Management, Shenyang, Peoples R China.;[Guo, Zhiming] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Vegetat Restorat & Management Degraded Eco, South China Bot Garden, Guangzhou, Peoples R China.;[Gunina, Anna] Univ Kassel, Dept Environm Chem, Nordbahnhof Str 1a, D-32213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
通讯机构：
[Gunina, A ] U;[Xiang, WH ] C;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Fac Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Univ Kassel, Dept Environm Chem, Nordbahnhof Str 1a, D-32213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
关键词：
carbon sequestration;enzyme activity;microbial C and P limitations;physical fractions;stand age
摘要：
Abstract Reforestation after forest clear‐cutting is an effective measure to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration; still, the soil C balance under reforestation and the role of microbial communities in that process remain to be determined. Samples of organic (0–2 cm) and mineral (2–10 cm) horizons were collected from the 7‐, 15‐, 20‐, 29‐, and 36‐year‐old forest stands of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) after plantation clear‐cutting in subtropical zone under the condition of phosphorus limitation. Particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC), microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), and enzymatic activities for C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) acquisition were analyzed. The lowest contents of POC (10%) and MAOC (13%) in the organic horizon were found in 7‐year‐old stands due to the slow tree regrowth and extensive decomposition of SOC in the first years of forest regrowth. POC (2.0×) and MAOC (0.8×) increases in the organic horizon with forest age were attributed to the stand development and accumulation of above‐ and belowground litter. The organic horizon had a higher POC:MAOC ratio than the mineral (0.7–1.1 vs. 0.2–0.5), indicating lower SOC stability in the first one. The ratio of POC:MAOC increased with the Gram‐positive to Gram‐negative bacteria (G+:G‐) ratio, pointing out that microbial communities developed a specific community structure and substrate utilization strategies of organic matter under plantation restoration. The increase of total PLFAs and the G+:G‐ ratio was closely linked with the microbial C and P limitations, indicating that microorganisms shifted community structure to slow‐growing species and increased their content to cope with the C and P restrictions. In the soils of young plantations, microorganisms were limited by C and P; however, the C limitation was alleviated in the 36‐year‐old plots in the organic horizon due to increased litter input, whereas the P limitation was not. This discrepancy between C and P limitation suppressed the decomposition of litter entering the soil, which was seen in decreased specific activity of C degrading enzymes and led to the accumulation of POC in the organic horizon. Thus, soil C sequestration under reforestation of Chinese fir can be controlled by the amount of litter entering the soil and by metabolic C, N, and P limitations that force microorganisms to shift community structure and change their activity.
作者：
Hu, Yanting;Schafer, Karina V. R.;Hu, Songjiang;Zhou, Wenneng;Xiang, Dong;...
期刊：
Science of The Total Environment,2024年908:168172 ISSN：0048-9697
通讯作者：
Xiang, WH;Zhou, WN
作者机构：
[Chen, Liang; Zhao, Zhonghui; Xiang, Wenhua; Zeng, Yelin; Ouyang, Shuai; Hu, Yanting; Lei, Pifeng; Hu, Songjiang; Fang, Xi; Xiang, WH; Deng, Xiangwen] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Fac Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Liang; Zhao, Zhonghui; Xiang, Wenhua; Zeng, Yelin; Ouyang, Shuai; Hu, Yanting; Lei, Pifeng; Fang, Xi; Deng, Xiangwen] Huitong Natl Stn Sci Observat & Res Chinese Fir Pl, Huitong 438107, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Schafer, Karina V. R.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 195 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.;[Zhou, Wenneng] Guangdong Univ Technol, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Water Qual Improvement & Ec, Sch Ecol Environm & Resources, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China.;[Xiang, Dong] Forestry Bur Huaihua Perfecture, Huaihua 418099, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiang, WH ] C;[Zhou, WN ] G;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Fac Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Ecol, Environm & Resources, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Carbon isotope composition;Hydraulic efficiency;Hydraulic traits;Photosynthetic traits;Phylogenetic signal;Water use strategy
摘要：
Leaf carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) provides an integrative record on the carbon and water balance of plants over long periods. Photosynthetic ability and hydraulic traits which are highly associated with stomatal behavior could affect leaf δ(13)C. Association between photosynthetic ability and leaf δ(13)C has been examined, however, how hydraulic traits influence leaf δ(13)C has not been fully understood. To fill this gap, we investigated the variations in leaf δ(13)C among 2591 woody species (547 shrub and 2044 tree species), and analyzed the link of leaf δ(13)C with leaf photosynthetic and xylem hydraulic traits. Our result showed that leaf δ(13)C was positively correlated to leaf photosynthetic ability and capacity. For hydraulic traits, leaf δ(13)C was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (K(s)), xylem pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P(50)) and vessel diameter (V(dia)). Associations of leaf δ(13)C with xylem hydraulic traits indicate woody species with stronger hydraulic safety discriminated less against (13)C, while woody species with higher hydraulic efficiency had more negative leaf δ(13)C. Shrub species, which showed a lower V(dia) and P(50), had a significant less negative leaf δ(13)C than tree species. Furthermore, woody species inhabiting in dry regions discriminated less against (13)C than those growing in humid regions. Moreover, leaf δ(13)C displayed a low phylogenetic signal based on Blomberg's K statistic. Overall, woody species with a higher leaf photosynthetic ability or stronger hydraulic safety system discriminated less against (13)C and adopt the provident water use strategy.
作者机构：
[Niu, Guoxiang] Chinese Acad Sci, Lushan Bot Garden, Jiujiang 332900, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Tao] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Natl Engn Lab Appl Technol Forestry & Ecol South C, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Zhao, Zhen; Lu, Xiankai; Niu, Guoxiang; He, Xiaoxiang; Guan, Huiling; Liu, Tao; Zhang, Xuebing] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Vegetat Restorat & Management Degraded Eco, South China Bot Garden, Guangzhou 510650, Peoples R China.;[Niu, Guoxiang] Lund Univ, Dept Biol, Sect Microbial Ecol, S-22362 Lund, Sweden.;[Liu, Tao] Lutou Natl Stn Sci Observat & Res Forest Ecosyst H, Yueyang 414000, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, T ] C;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Natl Engn Lab Appl Technol Forestry & Ecol South C, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Tropical and subtropical forest;Soil organic matter fractions;Earthworm;Millipedes;Litter decomposition
摘要：
Background: Forest soils in tropical and subtropical areas store a significant amount of carbon. Recent frameworks to assess soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics under evolving global conditions suggest that dividing bulk SOM into particulate and mineral -associated organic matter (POM vs. MAOM) is a promising method for identifying how SOM contributes to reducing global warming. Soil macrofauna, earthworms, and millipedes have been found to play an important role in facilitating SOM processes. However, how these two co-existing macrofaunae impact the litter decomposition process and directly impact the formation of POM and MAOM remains unclear. Methods: Here, we set up a microcosm experiment, which consisted of 20 microcosms with four treatments: earthworm and litter addition (E), millipedes and litter addition (M), earthworm, millipedes, and litter addition (E+M), and control (only litter addition) in five replicates. The soil and litter were sterilized prior to beginning the incubation experiment to remove any existing microbes. After incubating the samples for 42 days, the litter properties (mass, C, and N contents), soil physicochemical properties, as well as the C and N contents, and POM and MAOM 13C abundance in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil layers were measured. Finally, the relative influences of soil physicochemical and microbial properties on the distribution of C and N in the soil fractions were analyzed. Results: The litter mass, C, and N associated with all four treatments significantly decreased after incubation, especially under treatment E+M (litter mass: -58.8%, litter C: -57.0%, litter N: -75.1%, respectively), while earthworm biomass significantly decreased under treatment E. Earthworm or millipede addition alone showed no significant effects on the organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in the POM fraction, but joint addition of both significantly increased OC and TN regardless of soil depth. Importantly, all three macrofauna treatments increased the OC and TN content and decreased the 13C abundance in the MAOM fraction. More than 65% of the total variations in the distribution of OC and TN throughout the two fractions can be explained by a combination of soil physicochemical and microbial properties. Changes in the OC distribution in the 0-5 cm soil layer are likely due to a decrease in soil pH and an increase in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), while those in the 5-10 cm layer are probably caused by increases in soil exchangeable Ca and Mg, in addition to fungi and gram -negative (GN) bacteria. The observed TN distribution changes in the 0-5 cm soil likely resulted from a decrease in soil pH and increases in AMF, GN, and gram -negative (GP) bacteria, while TN distribution changes in the 5-10 cm soil could be explained by increases in exchangeable Mg and GN bacteria. Conclusions: The results indicate that the coexistence of earthworms and millipedes can accelerate the litter decomposition process and store more C in the MAOM fractions. This novel finding helps to unlock the processes by which complex SOM systems serve as C sinks in tropical forests and addresses the importance of soil macrofauna in maintaining C -neutral atmospheric conditions under global climate change.
摘要：
<jats:p>A new species of gall inquiline, <jats:italic>Synergus dilatatus</jats:italic><jats:bold>sp. nov.</jats:bold>, is described from Hubei Province, China. Morphological descriptions, photographs and biological information are provided. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) sequences of the new species were newly obtained and a molecular species delimitation analysis of 12 species of <jats:italic>Synergus</jats:italic> performed using the ASAP method recovered 16 molecular operational taxonomic units, providing support for recognition of the new species. The results also highlight a few conflicts between morphological and molecular species delimitations in <jats:italic>Synergus</jats:italic>.</jats:p>
