作者机构：
[Gang-Biao Xu; He Li; Ying Song; Ke-Xin Long; Ran Chen] College of Forestry, The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China;[Chun-Cheng Wang] College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China;[Xiao-Long Jiang] College of Forestry, The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China. xiaolongjiang1@gmail.com;[Min Deng] School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China. dengmin@ynu.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Xiao-Long Jiang] C;[Min Deng] S;College of Forestry, The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
摘要：
Forests are essential for maintaining species diversity, stabilizing local and global climate, and providing ecosystem services. Exploring the impact of paleogeographic events and climate change on the genetic structure and distribution dynamics of forest keystone species could help predict responses to future climate change. In this study, we combined an ensemble species distribution model (eSDM) and multilocus phylogeography to investigate the spatial genetic patterns and distribution change of Quercus glauca Thunb, a keystone of East Asian subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. A total of 781 samples were collected from 77 populations, largely covering the natural distribution of Q. glauca. The eSDM showed that the suitable habitat experienced a significant expansion after the last glacial maximum (LGM) but will recede in the future under a general climate warming scenario. The distribution centroid will migrate toward the northeast as the climate warms. Using nuclear SSR data, two distinct lineages split between east and west were detected. Within-group genetic differentiation was higher in the West than in the East. Based on the identified 58 haplotypes, no clear phylogeographic structure was found. Populations in the Nanling Mountains, Wuyi Mountains, and the southwest region were found to have high genetic diversity. A significant negative correlation between habitat stability and heterozygosity might be explained by the mixing of different lineages in the expansion region after LGM and/or hybridization between Q. glauca and closely related species. The Nanling Mountains may be important for organisms as a dispersal corridor in the west-east direction and as a refugium during the glacial period. This study provided new insights into spatial genetic patterns and distribution dynamics of Q. glauca.
作者：
Luo Zipei;Sun Qi;Georges Martial Ndzana;Chen Lijun;Chen Yuqi;...
期刊：
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2024年:1-8 ISSN：0718-9508
通讯作者：
Lu sheng<&wdkj&>Wu Lichao
作者机构：
[Sun Qi; Chen Lijun; Chen Yuqi; Lu sheng] Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating in Hunan Province, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China;National Engineering Laboratory of Applied Technology for Forestry and Ecology in Southern China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China;[Georges Martial Ndzana] Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon;Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of National Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China;[Luo Zipei] Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating in Hunan Province, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>National Engineering Laboratory of Applied Technology for Forestry and Ecology in Southern China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
通讯机构：
[Lu sheng; Wu Lichao] K;Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating in Hunan Province, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating in Hunan Province, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of National Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
摘要：
Camellia oleifera is intensively cultivated in subtropical areas of China, exposing soils to various threats. However, the effect of long-term cultivation of Camellia oleifera on soil properties remains unclear and needs to be elucidated to improve soil and Camelia oleifera sustainable management. This study collected soil samples from different Camellia oleifera planting ages (2, 10, and 40 years) and performed aggregate fractionation and various analyses including physico-chemical, soil organic matter chemical composition analyses and a semi-quantitative analysis of organic carbon functional groups to investigate the effect of long-term cultivation of Camellia oleifera on soil macroaggregates (< 2 mm), mesoaggregates (2-0.25 mm) and microaggregates (< 0.25 mm) formation, soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). The aggregate particles increased with increasing Camellia oleifera planting ages. Camellia oleifera long-term cultivation did not affected the soil pH in the aggregates, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased SOM concentration with the decrease in soil aggregate size. Similarly, Phenolics-C, ketones-C, lignins-C, and alkenes-C increased in soil aggregates with increasing cultivation time and are mainly distributed in < 0.25 mm fraction. The aromatics-C, carboxylic-C, aliphatic-C, and polysaccharides-C declined with increasing cultivation time and were mainly distributed in 2-0.25 mm and < 2 mm fraction. AN is abundantly distributed in 2-0.25 mm and its abundance increases with Camellia oleifera long-term cultivation. All soils were poor in AP and AK. Our study indicated that long-term cultivation of Camellia oleifera promoted soil aggregate formation, increased available nitrogen (AN), soil organic matter (SOM) and controlled the change of SOM chemical composition. However, our study recommended providing available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) in soil with Camellia oleifera cultivation for sustainable management.
作者机构：
[Kexin Xiao; Hong Chen] College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;[Pengfei Ren] China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;[Xiaofen Wang] School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;[Qiongyu Zhou] School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
通讯机构：
[Xiaofen Wang; Qiongyu Zhou] S;School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China<&wdkj&>School of Materials Science and Hydrogen Energy, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
摘要：
The interfacial stability, particularly between lithium metal and the solid electrolyte, as a critical challenge in solid-state batteries leads to rapid lithium-dendrite growth and increased internal resistance. In this study, we tackled these issues by developing a stable interface between sulfide electrolytes Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5 (LPSCl) and the metallic lithium anode, using a polyethylene oxide (PEO) layer integrated with Li-ion conducting oxide electrolyte Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP). The uniform distribution of LATP within the PEO matrix through a simple stirring process enhanced the mechanical strength of the PEO interlayer and minimizes both the interfacial reactions and lithium dendrite formation. A Li/Li symmetric cell incorporating this LATP-integrated layer exhibited a low interfacial resistance, ensuring stable cycling for 2800 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 at 60 °C.
作者：
Yuan, Jianzhong;Wan, Caichao;Wei, Song;Chai, Huayun;Tao, Tao
期刊：
CURRENT ORGANIC SYNTHESIS,2024年 ISSN：1570-1794
作者机构：
[Wei, Song; Yuan, Jianzhong; Tao, Tao; Wan, Caichao; Chai, Huayun] College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, P. R. China;[Wan, Caichao] Yihua Lifestyle Technology Co., Ltd, Huaidong Industrial Zone, Lianxia Town, Chenghai District, Shantou 515834, P.R. China
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Nanocellulose is not only a biocompatible and environmentally friendly material but also has excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and a large number of hydroxyl groups that have a strong affinity for water. These characteristics have attracted significant attention from researchers in the field of glucose sensing. OBJECTIVE: This review provides a brief overview of the current research status of traditional materials used in glucose sensors. The sensing performance, chemical stability, and environ-mental properties of nanocellulose-based glucose sensors are compared and summarized based on the three sensing methods: electrochemical sensing, colorimetric sensing, and fluo-rescence sensing. The article focuses on recent strategies for glucose sensing using nanocel-lulose as a matrix. The development prospects of nanocellulose-based glucose sensors are also discussed. CONCLUSION: Nanocellulose has outstanding structural characteristics that contribute signifi-cantly to the sensing performance of glucose sensors in different detection modes. However, the preparation process for high-quality nanocellulose is complicated and has a low yield. Furthermore, the sensitivity and selectivity of nanocellulose-based glucose sensors require further improvement.
作者机构：
[Peiwang Li; Changzhu Li; Jingzhen Chen] State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;[Ding Kuang] Hunan Haitai Bonong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yueyang 414000, China;These authors contributed equally to this work.;[Wenbin Zeng; Shuixuan Zhu; Lijuan Jiang] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
通讯机构：
[Qiang Liu] A;[Yan Yang] S;State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Hunan Haitai Bonong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yueyang 414000, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
摘要：
The optimization of explant selection and adjustment of plant growth regulators (PGRs) ratio may enhance the efficiency of micro-propagation of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. The findings of the study suggest that the shoot tip proved to be the optimal explant for regenerating adventitious buds, with an impressive regeneration rate of 77.78% and the average number of adventitious buds being 2.86. The ideal medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) at a 2 mg L−1, indoleacetic acid (IAA) at a 0.2 mg L−1, kinetin (KT) at 0.15 mg L−1, resulting in an outstanding regeneration rate of adventitious buds reaching up to 91.11%. For rooting purposes, the best medium was found be half-strength MS supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) 0.5 mg L−1, achieving an rate for adventitious roots amounting to as high as 97.78%. The culture plantlets ultimately thrived, achieving an impressive transplanting survival rate of 93.33%. The application of PGRs was also found to enhance the regeneration of adventitious buds by increasing the ratios of endogenous hormones ZR/IAA and GA3/IAA. Additionally, it facilitated the differentiation of adventitious roots by elevating the ratios of endogenous hormones IAA/ZR, IAA/GA3, and ABA/GA3. Our study would provide a theoretical reference for the establishment of an efficient gardenia tissue culture system and the industrial production of gardenia.
作者机构：
[Yazhen Chen; Yichen Xu; Bowen Li] National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology in Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;These authors contributed equally to this work.;[Xiaoyong Chen] College of Arts and Sciences, Governors State University, University Park, IL 60484, USA;[Yuanying Peng] College of Arts and Sciences, Lewis University, Romeoville, IL 60446, USA;[Taimoor Hassan Farooq] Bangor College China, A Joint School between Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
通讯机构：
[Jun Wang; Wende Yan] L;Lutou National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Forest Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Yueyang 414000, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology in Forestry and Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
关键词：
intercropping;purple soil slope farmland;surface runoff;interflow;nitrogen and phosphorus loss
摘要：
Soil and water loss represent a significant environmental challenge in purple soil cropland in China. However, the quantity and mechanism of nutrient loss from purple soil remain unclear. To understand water and soil conservation and address nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mitigation in Camellia oleifera forest stands on purple soil slope farmland, this study aimed to explore the resistance control effect of forest stands on N and P loss in such agricultural landscapes. In the study, a runoff plot experiment was conducted in purple soil slope farmland. The experiment included three distinct treatments: intercropping of oil tea (Camellia oleifera) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Camellia oleifera monoculture, and barren land served as the control treatment (CK). Water samples were collected and analyzed from the soil surface runoff and the middle soil layer at a depth of 20 cm (interflow) in three treatment plots under natural rainfall conditions in 2023. Various nutrient components, including total nitrogen (TN), dissolved nitrogen (DN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), particulate nitrogen (PN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), phosphate (PO4+-P), and particulate phosphorus (PP), were measured in the water samples. The results indicated that intercropping effectively mitigated the loss of various forms of N and P in both surface runoff and interflow within purple soil slope farmland. Compared to the CK, the ryegrass intercropping reduced TN and TP loss by 29.3%–37.3% and 25.7%–38.9%, respectively. The ryegrass intercropping led to a decrease in the average total loss of TN, DN, NO3—N, and NH4+-N by 63.0, 24.3, 4.5, and 6.8 g/ha, corresponding to reductions of 33.3%, 47.6%, 58.3%, and 49.1%, respectively, compared to the CK. The average total loss of TP, DP, and PP decreased by 4.4, 1.8, and 1.4 g/hm2 in the intercropping, reflecting reductions of 32.3%, 31.3%, and 31.1%, respectively. The most significant proportion was observed in PN and PP within the runoff water solution, accounting for 53.3%–74.8% and 56.9%–61.0% of the TN and TP, respectively. These findings establish a foundation for purple soil and water conservation. The research provides valuable insights for land management and policymakers in developing erosion prevention and control programs for sloping cultivated land with Camellia oleifera forests in purple soils. Additionally, it offers guidance for soil and water conservation and prevention of surface source pollution in purple soil regions.
作者：
Hu, Yanting;Schafer, Karina V. R.;Hu, Songjiang;Zhou, Wenneng;Xiang, Dong;...
期刊：
Science of The Total Environment,2024年908:168172 ISSN：0048-9697
通讯作者：
Xiang, WH;Zhou, WN
作者机构：
[Chen, Liang; Zhao, Zhonghui; Xiang, Wenhua; Zeng, Yelin; Ouyang, Shuai; Hu, Yanting; Lei, Pifeng; Hu, Songjiang; Fang, Xi; Xiang, WH; Deng, Xiangwen] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Fac Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Liang; Zhao, Zhonghui; Xiang, Wenhua; Zeng, Yelin; Ouyang, Shuai; Hu, Yanting; Lei, Pifeng; Fang, Xi; Deng, Xiangwen] Huitong Natl Stn Sci Observat & Res Chinese Fir Pl, Huitong 438107, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Schafer, Karina V. R.] Rutgers State Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, 195 Univ Ave, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.;[Zhou, Wenneng] Guangdong Univ Technol, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Water Qual Improvement & Ec, Sch Ecol Environm & Resources, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China.;[Xiang, Dong] Forestry Bur Huaihua Perfecture, Huaihua 418099, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiang, WH ] C;[Zhou, WN ] G;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Fac Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Ecol, Environm & Resources, Guangzhou 510006, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Carbon isotope composition;Hydraulic efficiency;Hydraulic traits;Photosynthetic traits;Phylogenetic signal;Water use strategy
摘要：
Leaf carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) provides an integrative record on the carbon and water balance of plants over long periods. Photosynthetic ability and hydraulic traits which are highly associated with stomatal behavior could affect leaf δ(13)C. Association between photosynthetic ability and leaf δ(13)C has been examined, however, how hydraulic traits influence leaf δ(13)C has not been fully understood. To fill this gap, we investigated the variations in leaf δ(13)C among 2591 woody species (547 shrub and 2044 tree species), and analyzed the link of leaf δ(13)C with leaf photosynthetic and xylem hydraulic traits. Our result showed that leaf δ(13)C was positively correlated to leaf photosynthetic ability and capacity. For hydraulic traits, leaf δ(13)C was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (K(s)), xylem pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P(50)) and vessel diameter (V(dia)). Associations of leaf δ(13)C with xylem hydraulic traits indicate woody species with stronger hydraulic safety discriminated less against (13)C, while woody species with higher hydraulic efficiency had more negative leaf δ(13)C. Shrub species, which showed a lower V(dia) and P(50), had a significant less negative leaf δ(13)C than tree species. Furthermore, woody species inhabiting in dry regions discriminated less against (13)C than those growing in humid regions. Moreover, leaf δ(13)C displayed a low phylogenetic signal based on Blomberg's K statistic. Overall, woody species with a higher leaf photosynthetic ability or stronger hydraulic safety system discriminated less against (13)C and adopt the provident water use strategy.
摘要：
Laser cladding was used to fabricate the high entropy alloy (HEA) coating of FeCoCrNiMnx (x = 0, 0.5, 1). Coatings were studied to determine how Mn affected the microstructure, microhardness, and tribological property. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine the atomic-scale deformation and wear behavior of FeCoCrNiMn HEA coatings. FeCoCrNiMnx HEA coatings were composed of single FCC-type solid solution. Friction reduction and wear resistance are improved with Mn doping. When compared to the substrate and FeCoCrNi coating, the wear resistance of Mn1 coating is superior by 69.34% and 25.05%, respectively (wear rate is 3.74 x10- 5 mm3/N center dot m). The findings of molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that Mn-doping significantly enhances strain hardening by the friction-induced FCC phase transition to the HCP phase. The deformation mechanism of Mn1 coating, as determined by the dislocation evolution pattern, is twinning induced plasticity, which improves the plasticity, strength, and work-hardening rate of coating all at once.
作者机构：
[Zhengyi Cao] Nuclear Industry Jinhua Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321000, China;These authors contributed equally to this work as co-first author.;School of Civil Engineering and Engineering Management, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China;School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410018, China;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
通讯机构：
[Zhenzhen Wei; Gang Huang] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>School of Civil Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410018, China
摘要：
In order to investigate the dynamic response of embankment slopes supported by wooden frame beams and bamboo anchor rods under train loading, this study conducted model tests on embankment slopes supported by wooden frame beams and bamboo anchor rods and carried out three-dimensional numerical simulations of the slopes. This study focused on analyzing the effects of train loading frequency, the peak value difference, and the peak value of the soil pressure on the embankment slopes. This study also analyzed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface, the internal forces in the support structure, and the slope safety factor. The results indicated the following: (1) The increase in loading frequency from 2 Hz to 3 Hz resulted in a significant increase in dynamic soil pressure, with a smaller increase observed upon further frequency increments. Moreover, increasing the load or peak value difference led to an overall increase in the maximum dynamic soil pressure. (2) Under various loading conditions, the axial force in the top anchor rod was significantly greater than that in the middle anchor rod. Additionally, the axial force in the rod body exhibited a pattern of larger forces near the anchorage end and smaller forces near the anchor head. The location of the maximum bending moment in the anchor rod transitioned from the anchor head to the anchorage end as the slope depth increased. The bending moment of the anchor rod increased with the loading frequency but decreased with an increase in the peak value, showing a minor influence from the upper and lower peak values. (3) With the presence of this support system, the slope safety factor increased by 20.13%. A noticeable reduction in the horizontal displacement of the slope surface was observed, with the greatest reduction in the top slope area, followed by the slope angle.
通讯机构：
[Sun, DL ] C;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Mat Sci & Engn, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Bamboo is an environmentally friendly building structural material. This work investigated the cavity structural characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of honeycomb sandwiches and natural bamboo in the longitudinal direction. The effective elastic parameters of periodically arranged hexagonal bamboo honeycomb cells under in-plane and out-of-plane loads were modeled using analytical and numerical approaches. Then, the effective elastic parameter model of bamboo honeycomb cells was validated by experiments and finite element analysis. The average errors between the calculated and experimental equivalent modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and shear modulus in the three principal axis directions were 7.43, 4.37, and 8.68%, respectively. The average relativities between the model values of the elastic parameters of the bamboo honeycomb cell and the simulation results in the three directions were 5.46, 5.40, and 6.12%, respectively. The experimental and finite element analysis showed that the constructed effective elastic parameter model of the bamboo honeycomb cell better reflected the state of the bamboo core when subjected to force. This study provides insights for further research on the mechanical properties of bamboo materials and their application in bamboo-based lightweight and high-strength sandwich structures.
摘要：
The use of renewable materials as structural components for constructing superhydrophobic coatings is an important direction for future development. Here, a robust and photothermal superhydrophobic coating (with a water contact angle of 166.1 +/- 0.8 degrees and a sliding angle of 2.8 +/- 0.1 degrees) is fabricated using dual-size lignin micro-nanospheres (LMNSs), comprising lignin microspheres (m-LMNSs) and nanospheres (n-LMNSs), which successively settle on the substrate surface under the effect of gravity. The microstructure armor formed by the combination of m-LMNSs and epoxy resin endows the coating with excellent abrasion resistance and bonding strength. Moreover, the presence of n-LMNSs within the cavities provides water repellency. The coating maintains superhydrophobicity even after the abrasion distance exceeds 320 cm or after 210 tape peeling cycles. The coating also exhibits robustness under various forms of mechanical and chemical damage. Furthermore, the photothermal effect of the coating enables rapid heating of its surface temperature from similar to 13 to 112 degrees C in only 60 s under laser irradiation. This innovative structural regulation approach enhances the durability and photothermal performance of lignin-based superhydrophobic coatings, demonstrating the practical applicability of the approach.
作者机构：
[Wenying Li; Xiang Dong; Meilan Liu; Lin Zhang] Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China;[Jingzhen Chen] State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China;[Guibin Wang] College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
通讯机构：
[Lin Zhang] K;Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
关键词：
Mu oil tree;Flower development;Sexual dimorphism;Sex bias;Ethylene
摘要：
The mu oil tree (Vernicia montana Lour.) is a dioecious species, but the genetic mechanisms underlying its phenotypic sexual dimorphism are unclear. In this study, we determined two pivotal phases of sex differentiation of mu oil tree via morphological and histological analyses of unisexual flowers: (I) differentiation of male or female primordia to produce staminate flowers (SFs) or transient hermaphrodite flowers (HFs), and (II) complete abortion of stamens in transient HFs to generate pistillate flowers (PFs). A total of 1621 sex-biased genes were identified by comparative transcriptome analysis which exhibited elevated rates of protein evolution than unbiased genes. The female-biased genes were enriched in the production of defense compounds while male-biased genes were focused on the production of viable pollens. Transcriptome-based analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PFs and SFs in phase I involved in abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (AUX), cytokinin (CK), ethylene (ET), and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signaling showed higher expression levels in males than in females in general, whereas the DEGs involved in jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways displayed opposite expression patterns. Moreover, differentially expressed endogenous ABA, AUX, GAs, JA, and SA exhibited consistent biased expression patterns with the DEGs by UPLC-MS-based analysis. Exogenous application of an anti-ethylene plant growth regulator could promote the development of stamens in PFs and generated HFs. Comparative transcriptomic and hormonal analyses of PFs and SFs in phase II indicated an increase in ET concentration when abortion of stamens in PFs occurred. This study suggested that phytohormones play key roles in sex dimorphism and ET may determine the development of stamens in PFs of mu oil tree, which provides an insight into plant sex differentiation mechanisms.
