作者机构：
[Hua, Yan; Xu, Xuelin; Wang, Xianghe; Li, Yongzheng; Ren, Zhenyu; Wang, Kai; An, Fuyu] Guangdong Acad Forestry, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Silviculture Protect & Uti, Guangzhou 510520, Peoples R China.;[Li, Yongzheng] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Forestry, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Sunxiya] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Design, Shanghai 201100, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wang, K ] G;Guangdong Acad Forestry, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Silviculture Protect & Uti, Guangzhou 510520, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Chinese pangolin;semen morphology;sperm collection;sperm quality assessment
摘要：
Sperm characterization is an important part of reproductive biology and is particularly important for the conservation of endangered species in the wild. However, research on this aspect of the Chinese pangolin, an endangered species from mainland China, was extremely limited. Therefore, the present study fills the gap in this research area by first systematically providing the sperm collection methods and the characteristics of the spermatozoa of Chinese pangolin. The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a critically endangered species. However, there is a paucity of research on the male reproductive gamete biology of this species. The present study was the first to systematically analyse the sperm characterization of the Chinese pangolin, including semen collection, sperm morphometry and ultrastructure. The semen of five male Chinese pangolins was successfully collected using the electroejaculation method. CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis) was used to assess semen quality and take images for sperm morphometric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for sperm ultrastructure observation. The results showed that the semen of the Chinese pangolin was yellow to pale yellow in colour, viscous, with a fishy odour, and a slightly alkaline pH of between 7.7 and 7.9. The head defects were the main sperm defects; there were 13 kinds of head defects counted in this study. The total sperm length, head length, head width and tail length were 67.62 +/- 0.21 mu m, 10.47 +/- 0.06 mu m, 1.33 +/- 0.006 mu m and 57.16 +/- 0.20 mu m, respectively. SEM observed that the spermatozoa had a rod-shaped head with a distinct apical ridge, which was different from most mammals and similar to that in avians and reptiles. Interestingly, TEM found that the acrosome membrane of the Chinese pangolin had a double membrane structure rather than a multiple bi-lamellar membrane structure as reported by the previous study. Collectively, this study contributes to the development of artificial breeding efforts and assisted reproductive techniques for the Chinese pangolin, as well as providing technical support for research on germplasm conservation of this species.
摘要：
Unprotected areas with endangered species generally face severe human disturbance. Domestic dogs are a special form of human disturbance and are sympatrically distributed with critically endangered Chinese pangolins in remote mountainous regions of Guangdong, China. Conflicts in habitat utilization between domestic dogs and Chinese pangolins have rarely been evaluated, yet these conflicts might result in a decline in population viability in the wild. To address how domestic dogs affect Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) in spatiotemporal niches, we used camera traps to obtain information on the distribution and activity of Chinese pangolins and GPS collars to track free-ranging domestic dog activity in the Wuqinzhang and Pengzhai forest areas of Guangdong, China. Combined with environmental variables, we used individual and cave locations to predict a potentially suitable habitat for Chinese pangolins with Maxent. We used the minimum convex polygon method (MCP) to obtain the home ranges of the domestic dogs. Then, we calculated the overlap between the potentially suitable habitat for Chinese pangolins and the home ranges of free-ranging domestic dogs. In the temporal niche, we compared the daily activity rhythms between domestic dogs and Chinese pangolins and assessed the influences of domestic dogs on Chinese pangolins through avoidance-attraction ratios (AARs). Our results show that the potentially suitable habitat of the Chinese pangolin comprises only approximately 24% of the Wuqinzhang forest area and 12% of the Pengzhai forest area. The percentages of habitat overlap were approximately 48% and 71% in the Wuqinzhang and Pengzhai forest areas, respectively. There was less overlap in the temporal niche between Chinese pangolins and free-ranging domestic dogs, but their AAR was significant. Our results reveal that the Chinese pangolin is facing severe disturbances from free-ranging domestic dogs in spatial niches in unprotected areas. We suggest that assessments of Chinese pangolins' survival status should be conducted as soon as possible, especially in unprotected areas. To expand and optimize established nature reserves for the Chinese pangolin, further strengthening of domestic dog management is necessary.
作者机构：
[Li, Ming; Zhang, Jia-Li; Li, M; Wang, Xiao-Chen] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, CAS Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Jia-Li; Mao, Shu-Xin] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.;[Pan, Hui-Juan; Zhang, Ming-Yi] Beijing Forestry Univ, Sch Ecol & Nat Conservat, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Yi-Xin] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Yi-Xin] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Forestry, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Li, M ; Xiang, ZF ] C;Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, CAS Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Excellence Anim Evolut & Genet, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
BLACK;ENZYMATIC;MONKEY
摘要：
DEAR EDITOR,
The Myanmar or black snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus strykeri)is a recently discovered and critically endangered colobus primate with an unknown gut microbiota.Here,we characterized and compared the gut microbiota of R.strykeri with those of two closely related snub-nosed monkey species,R.roxellana and R.bieti.Results showed that R.strykeri exhibits a unique gut microbiota composition,with higher bacterial and fungal diversity and greater abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes(CAZymes)related to pectate and glucose metabolism.In addition,we identified core microbial taxa shared among the three snub-nosed monkey species,involved in the digestion of carbohydrates that cannot be digested by the host,such as cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin.Our findings provide insights into the important role of the gut microbiota in facilitating adaptation to dietary vegetation in snub-nosed monkeys,and enabling the expansion of their dietary niches.
作者机构：
[禹洋; 胡晴朗; 武阅] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia, 442411, China;[向左甫] College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, Y.; Xiang, Z.] C;College of Forestry, China;College of Life Science and Technology, China
关键词：
川金丝猴;异亲哺乳;初产雌性
摘要：
灵长类动物生长发育过程中,雌性往往承担着主要的育幼责任,因此,母亲是帮助灵长类婴儿尽早适应环境并独立生活的重要角色(Forster and Cords, 2002; Xi et al., 2008; Briga et al., 2012)。对大多数群居型灵长类动物而言,母亲以外的成员也常常参与照料婴猴,该现象普遍存在于旧大陆猴中,如黑带卷尾猴(Cebus olivaceus) (O'Brien and Robinson, 1991)、长尾叶猴(Semnopithecus entellus) (Jay, 1963)、青长尾猴(Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) (Forster and Cords, 2002)、豚尾狒狒(Papio ursinus) (Henzi and Barrett, 2002)和川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana) (刘峻杉等,2021),这种现象统称为“非母亲”照料(Goldizen, 1987; Maestripieri, 1994)。川金丝猴“非母亲”照料行为的类型包括:怀抱、接触、理毛、哺乳和携带(刘峻杉等,2021)。与其他类型的“非母亲”照料相比,异亲哺乳则是一种比较特殊的行为(Xiang et al., 2019)。鉴于乳汁的产生代价高,尤其在资源有限的情况下,哺乳可能通过生理和营养压力对母亲的健康产生负面影响,降低生存率和未来的繁殖成功率(Clutton-Brock et al., 1989),因此经常性的异亲哺乳在非人灵长类动物中并不多见。在川金丝猴中,异亲哺乳行为仅局限于婴猴出生后的前3个月,这种行为能提高婴猴的越冬存活率;由于异亲哺乳行为常以互惠的方式存在于亲缘关系较近的雌性之间,因此该行为被认为支持异亲哺乳进化的亲缘选择假说(Kin selection hypothesis)和互惠合作假说(Reciprocity hypothesis),但解释其他哺乳动物异亲哺乳行为的母亲错误照料假说(Misdirected maternal care)和母性学习假说(Parenting hypothesis)在川金丝猴中认为没有证据支持(Xiang et al., 2019)。旧大陆猴物种中关于初产雌性妊娠期异亲哺乳的报道仅在日本猕猴(Macaca fuscata)中出现(Tanaka, 2004),在其他物种中极少见。日本猕猴雌性泌乳已经被证明与胎间间隔有关,当连续两年产仔,哺乳期将会持续到分娩;当胎间间隔为1年,哺乳期将持续到下一次妊娠早期;当胎间间隔超过1年时,在下一次受孕前会停止泌乳(Tanaka, 1992)。该研究主要针对经产雌性,初产雌性的泌乳始动时间和机制尚未详细探讨。但通过麻醉处于孕期的日本猕猴对其进行挤奶的实验发现,2只初次怀孕的日本猕猴在分娩前3个月已分泌乳汁(Tanaka et al., 1993)。尽管Xiang等(2019)曾提及在川金丝猴中,初次生产的雌性有异亲哺乳行为出现,但对该行为并没有详尽描述。
作者机构：
[王琴; 禹洋; 向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[陈远] School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, Y.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
作者机构：
[Chen, Haochun; Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Yao, Hui] Shennongjia Natl Pk, Shennongjia Forest Dist, Shennongjia 442411, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Ruan, Xiangdong; Xiang, Zuofu] Acad Forest Inventory & Planning State Forestry &, Beijing 100714, Peoples R China.;[Wallner, Bernard] Univ Vienna, Dept Behav Biol, Fac Life Sci, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.;[Ostner, Julia] Univ Gottingen, Dept Behav Ecol, Kellnerweg 6, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
通讯机构：
[Zuofu Xiang] C;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha, 410004, China<&wdkj&>Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, State Forestry and Grassland Administration , Beijing, 100714, China
关键词：
REVENUE;TOURISM;conservation
摘要：
Wildlife tourism is a thriving form of nature-based tourism that can provide revenue for conservation funds, and increase public awareness of biodiversity conservation (Xiang et al. 2011). Tourism, however, may induce behavioral and physiological stress responses on animals (Marechal 2015; Beehner and Bergman 2017). Part of the physiological stress response is increased activity of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in the systemic elevation of glucocorticoids. An increase of glucocorticoids in the bloodstream leads to rapid mobilization of stored energy reserves and inhibitions of nonimmediately critical activities like growth, reproduction, and digestion in response to environmental challenges (Beehner and Bergman 2017). Although there is a debate as to whether deleterious chronic stress exists in wild populations (Beehner and Bergman 2017), measuring glucocorticoids is an important tool in assessing anthropogenic disturbance to animals (Marechal 2015; Palme 2019). Cortisol, the main glucocorticoid secreted in primates, is metabolized by the liver and partly excreted in urine, meaning that elevations of cortisol and its metabolites produced in the stress response can be detected by using urine (Palme 2019).
作者机构：
[Chen, Haochun; Yao, Hui; Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Haochun] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Inst Evolutionary Ecol & Conservat Biol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yao, Hui; Yang, Wanjin] Key Lab Conservat Biol Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest Distr, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Ostner, Julia] Univ Gottingen, Dept Behav Ecol, Gottingen, Germany.;[Ostner, Julia] Leibniz Inst Primate Res, German Primate Ctr, Primate Social Evolut Grp, Gottingen, Germany.
通讯机构：
[Zuofu Xiang] C;[Julia Ostner; Jurgi Cristόbal-Azkarate] D;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Department for Behavioral Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany<&wdkj&>Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany<&wdkj&>Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK<&wdkj&>Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
作者机构：
[禹洋; 向左甫; 刘峻杉; 朱遵燕] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia, 442411, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, Y.; Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
作者机构：
[向左甫; 朱遵燕] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 黄天鹏; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest DistrictHubei Province 442421, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
关键词：
川金丝猴;灵长类食性;捕食脊椎动物
摘要：
目前,捕食脊椎动物的现象在非人灵长类动物中多有报道,如卷尾猴(Cebus capucinus, Rose,1996)、东非狒狒(Papio anubis, Harding, 1973;Strum, 1975)、猕猴(Macaca arctoides, Estrada and Estrada, 1977; Macaca sylvanus, Young et al., 2012)、西黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis, Fan and Jiang,2009)、苏门答腊猩猩(Pongo abelii,Hardus et al., 2012)和黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes,Gilby et al.,2006; Newton-Fisher, 2014)等。以植物为主食的大部分疣猴亚科类群明显缺乏动物性食物,其演化出了特别的齿式(Swindler,2002)和肠道结构(Milton, 1999)以适应植食性(Milton, 1987,1993)。此类动物捕食脊椎动物的报道仅见于何氏叶猴(Presbytis hosei, Goodman,1989 )、滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti, Grueter et al.,2009; Ren et al.,2010)和川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana, Zhao et al.,2008)等。川金丝猴为我国特有种,国家一级保护动物,主要分布于湖北、四川、陕西、甘肃等地区,栖息于海拔1 000 ~4 100 m的温带阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中(Li et al.,2002; Kirkpatrick and Grueter,2010)。川金丝猴是相对专一的叶食性疣猴,有着扩大的囊状胃和前肠以及大量的肠道菌群用于分解纤维素和半纤维素(Liu et al.,2018)。川金丝猴主要食物包括地衣、树叶、种子、果实、芽和树皮,食谱的季节性变化明显(Li,2006; Guo et al.,2007; Li et al.,2010; Liu et al.,2013) 。关于该物种捕食脊椎动物的行为,目前仅观察到秦岭川金丝猴捕食乌鸫(Trudus merula)(Zhao et al.,2008)。本研究记录了神农架川金丝猴捕杀脊椎动物和食肉的详细过程,猎物数量相对较多,且记录了群体内多个旁观者对此事件的反应。该案例不仅对理解川金丝猴的食性具有一定的意义,也将为非人灵长类捕食脊椎动物的行为积累基础资料。
关键词：
Anthropogenic activities;Climate change;Range shift;Rhinopithecus bieti;Species’ distribution
摘要：
Correlational models are widely used to predict changes in species' distribution, but generally have failed to address the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities, climate change, habitat connectivity and gene flow on wildlife sustainability. Here, we used integrated approaches (MAXENT model, circuit model and genetic analysis) to assess and predict the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution, habitat connectivity, and genetic diversity of an endangered primate, Rhinopithecus bieti, from 2000 to 2050. We created six scenarios: climatic factors only (scenario-a), anthropogenic activities only (scenario-b), climatic factors and anthropogenic activities (scenario-c), plus three additional scenarios that included climatic factors and anthropogenic activities but controlled for individual anthropogenic activities (scenario-d: grazing, scenario e: collecting, and scenario-f: grazing and collecting). The results indicate that areas of suitable habitat for R. bieti are expected to decline by 8.0%-22.4% from 2000 to 2050, with the collection of local forest products and the grazing of domesticated cattle as the primary drivers of landscape fragmentation and range contraction. If these anthropogenic activities are strictly controlled, however, the area of suitable habitat is predicted to increase by10.4%-14.3%. We also found that habitats vulnerable to human disturbance were principally located in areas of low habitat connectivity resulting in limited migration opportunities and increased loss of genetic diversity among R. bieti living in these isolated subpopulations. Thus, we suggest that effective management policies to protect this species include prohibiting both livestock grazing and the collecting of forest products. Although our study focuses on a single primate species, the conservation modeling approaches we presented have wide applicability to a broad range of threatened mammalian and avian taxa that currently inhabit a limited geographic range and are affected by anthropogenic activities (e.g. collecting, grazing, hunting), loss of habitat connectivity, reduced genetic diversity, and the effects of climate change.
摘要：
Relaxed open-mouth display serves important social functions in relation to submission, reconciliation, affiliation and reassurance among non-human primate societies; however, quantitative evidence on this behavior remains insufficient among multi-level social groups. From July to November 2016, we examined four potential functions of the relaxed open-mouth display during pairwise, intra-unit social interactions among 18 free-ranging adult and sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) who belonged to three one-male, multi-female units (OMU) at Dalongtan, Shennongjia National Park, China. Results showed that: compared with no relaxed open-mouth display, (1) the occurrence of displacement by a dominant individual approaching a subordinate was lower and the distance of the subordinate to the approaching dominant was shorter when the subordinate showed open-mouth display; (2) relaxed open-mouth display reduced the probability of continued attack for victims of aggression and allowed victims to achieve closer proximity to the aggressor during post-conflict periods; (3) relaxed open-mouth display by dominant individuals allowed them to achieve closer proximity to subordinates; and (4) the exchange of relaxed open-mouth display had a greater impact on the outcome of interactions than one individual alone giving this signal. These findings suggest that relaxed open-mouth display serves important functions regarding submission, reconciliation, affiliation and reassurance in coordinating social interactions within OMUs in golden snub-nosed monkeys.
作者机构：
[郭程; 张龙; 向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[肖燕宏] Agriculture Livestock and Water Supplies Bureau in Zoige County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, Aba, 624500, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
