作者机构：
[向左甫; 朱遵燕] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 黄天鹏; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest DistrictHubei Province 442421, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
关键词：
川金丝猴;灵长类食性;捕食脊椎动物
摘要：
目前,捕食脊椎动物的现象在非人灵长类动物中多有报道,如卷尾猴(Cebus capucinus, Rose,1996)、东非狒狒(Papio anubis, Harding, 1973;Strum, 1975)、猕猴(Macaca arctoides, Estrada and Estrada, 1977; Macaca sylvanus, Young et al., 2012)、西黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis, Fan and Jiang,2009)、苏门答腊猩猩(Pongo abelii,Hardus et al., 2012)和黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes,Gilby et al.,2006; Newton-Fisher, 2014)等。以植物为主食的大部分疣猴亚科类群明显缺乏动物性食物,其演化出了特别的齿式(Swindler,2002)和肠道结构(Milton, 1999)以适应植食性(Milton, 1987,1993)。此类动物捕食脊椎动物的报道仅见于何氏叶猴(Presbytis hosei, Goodman,1989 )、滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti, Grueter et al.,2009; Ren et al.,2010)和川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana, Zhao et al.,2008)等。川金丝猴为我国特有种,国家一级保护动物,主要分布于湖北、四川、陕西、甘肃等地区,栖息于海拔1 000 ~4 100 m的温带阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中(Li et al.,2002; Kirkpatrick and Grueter,2010)。川金丝猴是相对专一的叶食性疣猴,有着扩大的囊状胃和前肠以及大量的肠道菌群用于分解纤维素和半纤维素(Liu et al.,2018)。川金丝猴主要食物包括地衣、树叶、种子、果实、芽和树皮,食谱的季节性变化明显(Li,2006; Guo et al.,2007; Li et al.,2010; Liu et al.,2013) 。关于该物种捕食脊椎动物的行为,目前仅观察到秦岭川金丝猴捕食乌鸫(Trudus merula)(Zhao et al.,2008)。本研究记录了神农架川金丝猴捕杀脊椎动物和食肉的详细过程,猎物数量相对较多,且记录了群体内多个旁观者对此事件的反应。该案例不仅对理解川金丝猴的食性具有一定的意义,也将为非人灵长类捕食脊椎动物的行为积累基础资料。
关键词：
Anthropogenic activities;Climate change;Range shift;Rhinopithecus bieti;Species’ distribution
摘要：
Correlational models are widely used to predict changes in species' distribution, but generally have failed to address the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities, climate change, habitat connectivity and gene flow on wildlife sustainability. Here, we used integrated approaches (MAXENT model, circuit model and genetic analysis) to assess and predict the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution, habitat connectivity, and genetic diversity of an endangered primate, Rhinopithecus bieti, from 2000 to 2050. We created six scenarios: climatic factors only (scenario-a), anthropogenic activities only (scenario-b), climatic factors and anthropogenic activities (scenario-c), plus three additional scenarios that included climatic factors and anthropogenic activities but controlled for individual anthropogenic activities (scenario-d: grazing, scenario e: collecting, and scenario-f: grazing and collecting). The results indicate that areas of suitable habitat for R. bieti are expected to decline by 8.0%-22.4% from 2000 to 2050, with the collection of local forest products and the grazing of domesticated cattle as the primary drivers of landscape fragmentation and range contraction. If these anthropogenic activities are strictly controlled, however, the area of suitable habitat is predicted to increase by10.4%-14.3%. We also found that habitats vulnerable to human disturbance were principally located in areas of low habitat connectivity resulting in limited migration opportunities and increased loss of genetic diversity among R. bieti living in these isolated subpopulations. Thus, we suggest that effective management policies to protect this species include prohibiting both livestock grazing and the collecting of forest products. Although our study focuses on a single primate species, the conservation modeling approaches we presented have wide applicability to a broad range of threatened mammalian and avian taxa that currently inhabit a limited geographic range and are affected by anthropogenic activities (e.g. collecting, grazing, hunting), loss of habitat connectivity, reduced genetic diversity, and the effects of climate change.
摘要：
Relaxed open-mouth display serves important social functions in relation to submission, reconciliation, affiliation and reassurance among non-human primate societies; however, quantitative evidence on this behavior remains insufficient among multi-level social groups. From July to November 2016, we examined four potential functions of the relaxed open-mouth display during pairwise, intra-unit social interactions among 18 free-ranging adult and sub-adult golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) who belonged to three one-male, multi-female units (OMU) at Dalongtan, Shennongjia National Park, China. Results showed that: compared with no relaxed open-mouth display, (1) the occurrence of displacement by a dominant individual approaching a subordinate was lower and the distance of the subordinate to the approaching dominant was shorter when the subordinate showed open-mouth display; (2) relaxed open-mouth display reduced the probability of continued attack for victims of aggression and allowed victims to achieve closer proximity to the aggressor during post-conflict periods; (3) relaxed open-mouth display by dominant individuals allowed them to achieve closer proximity to subordinates; and (4) the exchange of relaxed open-mouth display had a greater impact on the outcome of interactions than one individual alone giving this signal. These findings suggest that relaxed open-mouth display serves important functions regarding submission, reconciliation, affiliation and reassurance in coordinating social interactions within OMUs in golden snub-nosed monkeys.
作者机构：
[郭程; 张龙; 向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[肖燕宏] Agriculture Livestock and Water Supplies Bureau in Zoige County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, Aba, 624500, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
摘要：
<jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p>Male–male interactions in mixed‐sex groups of social mammals are typically characterized by a mix of hostility and affiliation, as a result of inherent conflicts over mating opportunities, and the costs and benefits of social alliances, co‐operative behaviors, and coalitionary defense. In species of nonhuman primates that form all‐male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all‐male group and the cost of male–male competition in seeking mating opportunities with females in bisexual groups influence social cohesion in different seasons. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the impact of reproductive seasonality on social cohesion and clique size of bachelor males residing in an all‐male unit (AMU) in wild black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (<jats:italic>Rhinopithecus bieti</jats:italic>). These primates are strict seasonal breeders and live in a modular social system composed of a number of one‐male units (OMUs) and an associated peripheral AMU. We found that the AMU social network had a significantly lower density, centralization, clustering coefficient, and smaller clique size during the mating season compared to the non‐mating period. However, aggression among AMU males during both mating and non‐mating periods was low. Our results suggest that network structure topology in male same‐sex social units is modulated by seasonal changes. Bachelor males engage in two types of competition to gain reproductive success: first, which is analogous to contest competition, in which bachelor males act aggressively and challenge OMU leader males in an attempt to take over an OMU; and second, which is more analogous to scramble competition, in which bachelor males avoid aggressive interactions and instead engage in sneaky copulations with fertile females. Our work adds to an understanding of the maintenance of all‐male groups in species that form a multilevel society.</jats:p></jats:sec>
作者机构：
[向左甫; 陈远] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[王征] College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
作者机构：
[卢浪; 张波; 向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[叶玭婧] Shanghai Wild Animal Park, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200120, China;Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei, Hubei Province 442411, China;[Qin J.] College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[姚辉; 杨万吉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District, Hubei, Hubei Province 442411, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China
作者机构：
[李明] Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China;[李学友; 蒋学龙] Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China;[向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[张礼标] Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, China;College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
作者机构：
[向左甫; 陈奕欣] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China;[肖治术] State Key Lab of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China;[李明] Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China;[何臣相; 李海曙; 王新文; 何贵品] Lushui Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Liuku, Yunnan 673299, China;[施顺金] Forestry Administration of Lushui County, Liuku, Yunnan 673299, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
