作者机构：
[Li, Ming; Zhang, Jia-Li; Li, M; Wang, Xiao-Chen] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, CAS Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Jia-Li; Mao, Shu-Xin] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.;[Pan, Hui-Juan; Zhang, Ming-Yi] Beijing Forestry Univ, Sch Ecol & Nat Conservat, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Yi-Xin] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Yi-Xin] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Forestry, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Li, M ; Xiang, ZF ] C;Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, CAS Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Excellence Anim Evolut & Genet, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
BLACK;ENZYMATIC;MONKEY
摘要：
DEAR EDITOR,
The Myanmar or black snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus strykeri)is a recently discovered and critically endangered colobus primate with an unknown gut microbiota.Here,we characterized and compared the gut microbiota of R.strykeri with those of two closely related snub-nosed monkey species,R.roxellana and R.bieti.Results showed that R.strykeri exhibits a unique gut microbiota composition,with higher bacterial and fungal diversity and greater abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes(CAZymes)related to pectate and glucose metabolism.In addition,we identified core microbial taxa shared among the three snub-nosed monkey species,involved in the digestion of carbohydrates that cannot be digested by the host,such as cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin.Our findings provide insights into the important role of the gut microbiota in facilitating adaptation to dietary vegetation in snub-nosed monkeys,and enabling the expansion of their dietary niches.
作者机构：
[Yu, Yang; Xiang, Zuo-Fu] Coll Life Sci & Technol, Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yu, Yang; Li, Ming] CAS Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Inst Zool, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;[Li, Bao-Guo; He, Gang] Northwest Univ, Coll Life Sci, Shaanxi Key Lab Anim Conservat, Xian 710069, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.;[Li, Da-Yong] China West Normal Univ, Key Lab Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conser, Minist Educ, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, Peoples R China.;[Zhao, Xu-Mao] Lanzhou Univ, Coll Ecol, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China.
摘要：
DEAR EDITOR, Despite the vulnerability of primates to the negative impacts of human activities and climate change, there is still room for optimism. Notably, years of conservation efforts may have paid off for the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Our field surveys confirmed the existence of 188 to 220 wild multilevel societies (MLS) of R. roxellana, with an estimated 22 710 to 26 130 individuals in 2019, as well as a 3.5% increase in potential available habitat from 1992 to 2018. Thus, golden snub-nosed monkeys appear to have escaped the primary drivers (poaching and deforestation) that nearly led to their extinction, suggesting it may be possible to change their extinction risk from endangered to vulnerable. However, several new threats, especially global warming, will increase uncertainty about downgrading their conservation status. According to the species distribution model, the current total area of suitable habitat available for the three golden snubnosed monkey subpopulations is 22 906.48 km~2. Unfortunately, golden snub-nosed monkeys may experience range contractions in the future (2070s), with up to 24.81% of currently suitable habitat lost under the most severe climate scenario. These findings highlight the importance of nationwide environmental planning and sustainable development for the conservation of R. roxellana and its habitat. Continuous conservation efforts and investment remain essential to protect this species from the threats of climate change.
作者机构：
[禹洋; 胡晴朗; 武阅] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia, 442411, China;[向左甫] College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, Y.; Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China
关键词：
川金丝猴;异亲哺乳;初产雌性
摘要：
灵长类动物生长发育过程中,雌性往往承担着主要的育幼责任,因此,母亲是帮助灵长类婴儿尽早适应环境并独立生活的重要角色(Forster and Cords, 2002; Xi et al., 2008; Briga et al., 2012)。对大多数群居型灵长类动物而言,母亲以外的成员也常常参与照料婴猴,该现象普遍存在于旧大陆猴中,如黑带卷尾猴(Cebus olivaceus) (O'Brien and Robinson, 1991)、长尾叶猴(Semnopithecus entellus) (Jay, 1963)、青长尾猴(Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) (Forster and Cords, 2002)、豚尾狒狒(Papio ursinus) (Henzi and Barrett, 2002)和川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana) (刘峻杉等,2021),这种现象统称为“非母亲”照料(Goldizen, 1987; Maestripieri, 1994)。川金丝猴“非母亲”照料行为的类型包括:怀抱、接触、理毛、哺乳和携带(刘峻杉等,2021)。与其他类型的“非母亲”照料相比,异亲哺乳则是一种比较特殊的行为(Xiang et al., 2019)。鉴于乳汁的产生代价高,尤其在资源有限的情况下,哺乳可能通过生理和营养压力对母亲的健康产生负面影响,降低生存率和未来的繁殖成功率(Clutton-Brock et al., 1989),因此经常性的异亲哺乳在非人灵长类动物中并不多见。在川金丝猴中,异亲哺乳行为仅局限于婴猴出生后的前3个月,这种行为能提高婴猴的越冬存活率;由于异亲哺乳行为常以互惠的方式存在于亲缘关系较近的雌性之间,因此该行为被认为支持异亲哺乳进化的亲缘选择假说(Kin selection hypothesis)和互惠合作假说(Reciprocity hypothesis),但解释其他哺乳动物异亲哺乳行为的母亲错误照料假说(Misdirected maternal care)和母性学习假说(Parenting hypothesis)在川金丝猴中认为没有证据支持(Xiang et al., 2019)。旧大陆猴物种中关于初产雌性妊娠期异亲哺乳的报道仅在日本猕猴(Macaca fuscata)中出现(Tanaka, 2004),在其他物种中极少见。日本猕猴雌性泌乳已经被证明与胎间间隔有关,当连续两年产仔,哺乳期将会持续到分娩;当胎间间隔为1年,哺乳期将持续到下一次妊娠早期;当胎间间隔超过1年时,在下一次受孕前会停止泌乳(Tanaka, 1992)。该研究主要针对经产雌性,初产雌性的泌乳始动时间和机制尚未详细探讨。但通过麻醉处于孕期的日本猕猴对其进行挤奶的实验发现,2只初次怀孕的日本猕猴在分娩前3个月已分泌乳汁(Tanaka et al., 1993)。尽管Xiang等(2019)曾提及在川金丝猴中,初次生产的雌性有异亲哺乳行为出现,但对该行为并没有详尽描述。
作者机构：
[王琴; 禹洋; 向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[陈远] School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, Y.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
作者机构：
[Chen, Haochun; Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Yao, Hui] Shennongjia Natl Pk, Shennongjia Forest Dist, Shennongjia 442411, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Ruan, Xiangdong; Xiang, Zuofu] Acad Forest Inventory & Planning State Forestry &, Beijing 100714, Peoples R China.;[Wallner, Bernard] Univ Vienna, Dept Behav Biol, Fac Life Sci, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.;[Ostner, Julia] Univ Gottingen, Dept Behav Ecol, Kellnerweg 6, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
通讯机构：
[Zuofu Xiang] C;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology , Changsha, 410004, China<&wdkj&>Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, State Forestry and Grassland Administration , Beijing, 100714, China
关键词：
REVENUE;TOURISM;conservation
摘要：
Wildlife tourism is a thriving form of nature-based tourism that can provide revenue for conservation funds, and increase public awareness of biodiversity conservation (Xiang et al. 2011). Tourism, however, may induce behavioral and physiological stress responses on animals (Marechal 2015; Beehner and Bergman 2017). Part of the physiological stress response is increased activity of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in the systemic elevation of glucocorticoids. An increase of glucocorticoids in the bloodstream leads to rapid mobilization of stored energy reserves and inhibitions of nonimmediately critical activities like growth, reproduction, and digestion in response to environmental challenges (Beehner and Bergman 2017). Although there is a debate as to whether deleterious chronic stress exists in wild populations (Beehner and Bergman 2017), measuring glucocorticoids is an important tool in assessing anthropogenic disturbance to animals (Marechal 2015; Palme 2019). Cortisol, the main glucocorticoid secreted in primates, is metabolized by the liver and partly excreted in urine, meaning that elevations of cortisol and its metabolites produced in the stress response can be detected by using urine (Palme 2019).
作者机构：
[Chen, Haochun; Yao, Hui; Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Haochun] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Inst Evolutionary Ecol & Conservat Biol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yao, Hui; Yang, Wanjin] Key Lab Conservat Biol Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest Distr, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Ostner, Julia] Univ Gottingen, Dept Behav Ecol, Gottingen, Germany.;[Ostner, Julia] Leibniz Inst Primate Res, German Primate Ctr, Primate Social Evolut Grp, Gottingen, Germany.
通讯机构：
[Zuofu Xiang] C;[Julia Ostner; Jurgi Cristόbal-Azkarate] D;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Department for Behavioral Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany<&wdkj&>Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany<&wdkj&>Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK<&wdkj&>Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
作者机构：
[禹洋; 向左甫; 刘峻杉; 朱遵燕] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Hubei Province, Shennongjia, 442411, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, Y.; Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
摘要：
An understanding of primate movement patterns in response to natural and anthropogenically induced changes in habitat heterogeneity, food availability, and plant species distribution is essential for developing effective management and conservation programs. Therefore, from July 2013 to June 2014, we examined the effects of landscape configuration on the ranging behavior (daily path length, DPL) of the Endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve (27°34'N, 99°17'E) in Gehuaqing, China. Given the extreme difficulties in following the study group across high altitude mountainous terrain across an elevation of 2,500-4,000 m, we were only able to collect DPL using 3-4 GPS points per day on 21 individual days. We found that R. bieti traveled the shortest DPL in winter (1,141.31 m), followed by spring (2,034.06 m) and autumn (2,131.19 m). The cost distance, a statistical tool designed to estimate the difficulty of a species moving across its distributional range, was lowest in autumn (205.47), followed by spring (225.93) and winter (432.59) (one-way ANOVA: F=3.852, P=0.026, df = 2). The habitat fragmentation index (HFI), which measures the density of forest patches, indicated areas visited in the winter were more fragmented (HFI = 2.16) compared to spring (HFI = 1.83) or autumn (HFI = 1.3). Although our results should be considered preliminary, they suggest that both the availability of suitable travel routes and habitat fragmentation, driven by high-intensity human disturbance, constrain the movement of R. bieti. We found that undisturbed areas of the bands' range contained a high density of lichens, which represent a nutritious and abundant and year-round food source for Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. In order to protect this Endangered species, we recommend that researchers construct detailed maps of landscape heterogeneity, particularly habitat connectivity, forest fragmentation, and seasonal variation in the location of major food patches in order to better understand and mitigate the effects of seasonal habitat change on patterns of R. bieti habitat utilization and population viability.
作者机构：
[向左甫; 朱遵燕] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[杨万吉; 黄天鹏; 姚辉] Key Lab of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest DistrictHubei Province 442421, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, China
关键词：
川金丝猴;灵长类食性;捕食脊椎动物
摘要：
目前,捕食脊椎动物的现象在非人灵长类动物中多有报道,如卷尾猴(Cebus capucinus, Rose,1996)、东非狒狒(Papio anubis, Harding, 1973;Strum, 1975)、猕猴(Macaca arctoides, Estrada and Estrada, 1977; Macaca sylvanus, Young et al., 2012)、西黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis, Fan and Jiang,2009)、苏门答腊猩猩(Pongo abelii,Hardus et al., 2012)和黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes,Gilby et al.,2006; Newton-Fisher, 2014)等。以植物为主食的大部分疣猴亚科类群明显缺乏动物性食物,其演化出了特别的齿式(Swindler,2002)和肠道结构(Milton, 1999)以适应植食性(Milton, 1987,1993)。此类动物捕食脊椎动物的报道仅见于何氏叶猴(Presbytis hosei, Goodman,1989 )、滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti, Grueter et al.,2009; Ren et al.,2010)和川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana, Zhao et al.,2008)等。川金丝猴为我国特有种,国家一级保护动物,主要分布于湖北、四川、陕西、甘肃等地区,栖息于海拔1 000 ~4 100 m的温带阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中(Li et al.,2002; Kirkpatrick and Grueter,2010)。川金丝猴是相对专一的叶食性疣猴,有着扩大的囊状胃和前肠以及大量的肠道菌群用于分解纤维素和半纤维素(Liu et al.,2018)。川金丝猴主要食物包括地衣、树叶、种子、果实、芽和树皮,食谱的季节性变化明显(Li,2006; Guo et al.,2007; Li et al.,2010; Liu et al.,2013) 。关于该物种捕食脊椎动物的行为,目前仅观察到秦岭川金丝猴捕食乌鸫(Trudus merula)(Zhao et al.,2008)。本研究记录了神农架川金丝猴捕杀脊椎动物和食肉的详细过程,猎物数量相对较多,且记录了群体内多个旁观者对此事件的反应。该案例不仅对理解川金丝猴的食性具有一定的意义,也将为非人灵长类捕食脊椎动物的行为积累基础资料。
作者机构：
[郭程; 张龙; 向左甫] College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China;[肖燕宏] Agriculture Livestock and Water Supplies Bureau in Zoige County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, Aba, 624500, China
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Z.] C;College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, China
作者机构：
[Liu, Ruoshuang; Zhang, Bo; Chen, Haochun; Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xiang, Zuofu; Li, M; Li, Ming] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;[Fan, Penglai; Xiang, Zuofu] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Inst Evolutionary Ecol & Conservat Biol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Wanji; Yao, Hui] Key Lab Conservat Biol Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest Dist 442411, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Grueter, Cyril C.] Univ Western Australia, Sch Human Sci, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
通讯机构：
[Xiang, Zuofu; Xiang, ZF; Li, M; Li, Ming] C;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Key Lab Anim Ecol & Conservat Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Inst Evolutionary Ecol & Conservat Biol, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Excellence Anim Evolut & Genet, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
While regular allomaternal nursing (suckling) has been documented in a number of rodent and carnivore species, as well as in some prosimians, New World monkeys, and humans, it is not common in Old World monkeys and apes. Here, we present a detailed field study of allomaternal nursing in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana, Colobinae). We found that more than 87% of infants were nursed by females other than their mothers. Allomaternal nursing was largely confined to the first 3 months of an infant's life and occurred predominantly between related females who nursed each other's offspring in a reciprocal manner. Allomaternal nursing enhanced infant survivorship and did not have a negative impact on the future reproductive success of allonursers. Our findings expand the taxonomic distribution of allomaternal nursing and provide fresh insight into the possible factors driving evolution of allomaternal nursing behavior in primates, including humans.
摘要：
Background: The rhesus macaque (RM, Macaca mulatta) is the most important nonhuman primate model in biomedical research. We present the first genomic survey of wild RMs, sequencing 81 geo-referenced individuals of five subspecies from 17 locations in China, a large fraction of the species' natural distribution. Results: Populations were structured into five genetic lineages on the mainland and Hainan Island, recapitulating current subspecies designations. These subspecies are estimated to have diverged 125.8 to 51.3 thousand years ago, but feature recent gene flow. Consistent with the expectation of a larger body size in colder climates and smaller body size in warmer climates (Bergman's rule), the northernmost RM lineage (M. m. tcheliensis), possessing the largest body size of all Chinese RMs, and the southernmost lineage (M. m. brevicaudus), with the smallest body size of all Chinese RMs, feature positively selected genes responsible for skeletal development. Further, two candidate selected genes (Fbp1, Fbp2) found in M. m. tcheliensis are involved in gluconeogenesis, potentially maintaining stable blood glucose levels during starvation when food resources are scarce in winter. The tropical subspecies M. m. brevicaudus showed positively selected genes related to cardiovascular function and response to temperature stimuli, potentially involved in tropical adaptation. We found 118 single-nucleotide polymorphisms matching human disease-causing variants with 82 being subspecies specific. Conclusions: These data provide a resource for selection of RMs in biomedical experiments. The demographic history of Chinese RMs and their history of local adaption offer new insights into their evolution and provide valuable baseline information for biomedical investigation.
