摘要：
Phytopathogens pose a devastating threat to the productivity and yield of crops by causing destructive plant diseases in natural and agricultural environments. Hemibiotrophic pathogens have a variable-length biotrophic phase before turning to necrosis and are among the most invasive plant pathogens. Plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens relies mainly on the activation of innate immune responses. These responses are typically initiated after the plant plasma membrane and various plant immune receptors detect immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection. Hemibiotrophic pathogens evade pathogen-triggered immunity by masking themselves in an arms race while also enhancing or manipulating other receptors to promote virulence. However, our understanding of plant immune defenses against hemibiotrophic pathogens is highly limited due to the intricate infection mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the strategies that different hemibiotrophic pathogens interact with host immune receptors to activate plant immunity. We also discuss the significant role of the plasma membrane in plant immune responses, as well as the current obstacles and potential future research directions in this field. This will enable a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenicity of hemibiotrophic pathogens and how distinct plant immune receptors oppose them, delivering valuable data for the prevention and management of plant diseases.
期刊：
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine,2022年2022:3280928 ISSN：1748-670X
通讯作者：
Liu, Junang(junangliu@stu.cpu.edu.cn)
作者机构：
[Liu, Junang; Ma, Tianhao] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Forestry, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[She, Yuchen] Natl Forestry & Grassland Adm, Cent South Inventory & Planning Inst, Changsha 410014, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Junang Liu; Yuchen She; Tianhao Ma] C;College of Forestry,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha,China<&wdkj&>Central South Inventory and Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration,Changsha,410014 Hunan,China
关键词：
Introduction;Materials and Methods;Results;Discussion;Conclusion;Abstract;Data Availability;Additional Points;Ethical Approval;Consent;Disclosure;Conflicts of Interests;Authors’ Contributions;Funding Statement;Acknowledgements;Acknowledgments;Supplementary Materials;Reference;Dataset Description;Dataset Files;Abstract;Introduction;Introduction and Materials;Introduction and Methods;Materials;Materials and Methods;Methods;Results;Discussion;Results and Discussion;Discussion and Conclusion;Results and Conclusion;Conclusion;Conclusions;Data Availability;Additional Points;Ethical Approval;Consent;Disclosure;Conflicts of Interest;Authors’ Contributions;Funding Statement;Acknowledgements;Supplementary Materials;References;Appendix;Abbreviations;Preliminaries;Introduction and Preliminaries;Notation;Proof of Theorem;Proofs;Analysis of Results;Examples;Numerical Example;Applications;Numerical Simulation;Model;Model Formulation;Systematic Palaeontology;Nomenclatural Acts;Taxonomic Implications;Experimental;Synthesis;Overview;Characterization;Background;Experimental;Theories;Calculations;Model Verification;Model Implementation;Geographic location;Study Area;Geological setting;Data Collection;Field Testing;Data and Sampling;Dataset;Literature Review;Related Works;Related Work;System Model;Methods and Data;Experimental Results;Results and Analysis;Evaluation;Implementation;Case Presentation;Case Report;Search Terms;Case Description;Case Series;Background;Limitations;Additional Points;Case;Case 1;Case 2 etc.;Concern Details;Retraction Details;Copyright;Related Articles
作者机构：
[Tan, Shimeng; Liu, Junang] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Biol Sci & Technol, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Tan, Shimeng; Liu, Junang] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Coll Forestry, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.;[Narayanan, Mathiyazhagan] Saveetha Inst Med & Tech Sci, Saveetha Sch Engn, Dept Biotechnol, Div Res & Innovat, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.;[Chi, Nguyen Thuy Lan; Huong, Dinh Thi Thu] Van Lang Univ, Sch Engn & Technol, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.;[Ito, Nobutaka] Maejo Univ, Sch Renewable Energy, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
通讯机构：
[Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi] S;[Junang Liu] C;College of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China<&wdkj&>College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China<&wdkj&>School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
摘要：
Soil ecosystem imparts a fundamental role in the growth and survival of the living creatures. The interaction between living and non-living constituents of the environment is important for the regulation of life in the ecosystem. Biochar is a carbon rich product present in the soil that is responsible for various applications in diversified fields. In this review, we focused on the collaboration between the soil, biochar and microbial community present in the soil and consequences of it in the ecosystem. Herein, it primarily discusses on the different approaches of the production and characterization of biochar. Furthermore, this review also discusses about the optimistic interaction of biochar with soil microbes and their role in plant growth. Eventually, it reveals the various physio-chemical properties of biochar, including its specific surface area, porous nature, ion exchange capacity, and pH, which aid in the modification of the soil environment. Furthermore, it elaborately discloses the impact of the biochar addition in the soil focusing mainly on its interaction with microbial communities such as bacteria and fungi. The physicochemical properties of biochar significantly interact with microbes and improve the beneficial microbes growth and increase soil nutrients, which resulting reasonable plant growth. The main focus remains on the role of biochar-soil microbiota in remediation of pollutants, soil amendment and inhibition of pathogenicity among plants by promoting resistance potential. It highlights the fact that adding biochar to soil modulates the soil microbial community by increasing soil fertility, paving the way for its use in farming, and pollutant removal.
通讯机构：
[Liu, J.; Zhou, G.] K;Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, China
摘要：
Oil tea (Camellia oleifera), mainly used to produce high-quality edible oil, is an important cash crop in China. Anthracnose of oil tea is a considerable factor that limits the yield of tea oil. In order to effectively control the anthracnose of oil tea, researchers have worked hard for many years, and great progress has been made in the research of oil tea anthracnose. For instance, researchers isolated a variety of Colletotrichum spp. from oil tea and found that Colletotrichum fructicola was the most popular pathogen in oil tea. At the same time, a variety of control methods have been explored, such as cultivating resistant varieties, pesticides, and biological control, etc. Furthermore, the research on the molecular pathogenesis of Colletotrichum spp. has also made good progress, such as the elaboration of the transcription factors and effector functions of Colletotrichum spp. The authors summarized the research status of the harm, pathogen types, control, and pathogenic molecular mechanism of oil tea anthracnose in order to provide theoretical support and new technical means for the green prevention and control of oil tea anthracnose.
作者机构：
[郭源; 李河; 周国英; 刘君昂; 张盛培] Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, Changsha, 410004, China
作者：
Chen, X. Z.;Yang, Q.;Wan, Z.;Zhou, G. Y.;Liu, J. A.
期刊：
PLANT DISEASE,2021年105(8):2255 ISSN：0191-2917
通讯作者：
Chen, Xing Zhou;Yang, Quan;Wan, Zhi;Zhou, Guo Ying;Liu, Jun Ang
作者机构：
[Chen, X. Z.; Liu, J. A.; Yang, Q.; Wan, Z.; Zhou, G. Y.] Cent South Univ Forestry & Technol, Hunan Prov Key Lab Control Forest Dis & Pests, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[J. A. Liu] H;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, P.R. China
关键词：
fungi;trees;forest;epidemiology;disease development and spread
摘要：
Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (family Fabaceae) is one of four prized species of mahogany plant in China. In June 2017, an investigation of the condition of anthracnose was carried out on apporximately 333 hectares of D. odorifera plantations in Haikou City, Hainan Province (110.19°E, 20.03°N). Approximately 40% of D. odorifera plants had disease symptoms. Lesions on leaves were brown to grayish-white containing black dots and dark-brown borders, occasionally surrounded by a yellowish-green halo. Leaf spots generally occurred along the edge of the leaf. Severely infected leaves became withered and died. Hyphal growth was recovered from symptomatic leaf tissue, surface-sterilized with a 75% ethanol solution for 30s, rinsed with sterile distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 26°C in the dark. The representative isolate JXHTC19 was recovered by transferring a hyphal tip to a fresh PDA plate to obtain a pure culture. Fungal colonies had white aerial mycelium initially, turning pale gray after 3 days. At 7 days, colonies had a cottony appearance ranging from white to dark gray with orange masses of conidia. The colony surface was slimy and aerial mycelium was sparse. Isolates displayed single-celled, cylindrical, hyaline conidia that were rounded at both ends, and were 9.7 - 16.4 μm long (avg. 13.5 μm) × 3.6 - 6.2 μm wide (vg. 4.8 μm) (n = 100). To further identify the fungus, genomic DNA was extracted from single conidial cultures of JXHTC19. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glutamine synthetase (GS) gene, partial sequence of glyceraldeyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like (GAPDH) gene, actin (ACT) gene, and beta-tubulin (TUB2) gene were amplified using the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5, GS-F/GS-R, GDF1/GDR1, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, and TUB2-T1/Bt-2b (Weir et al 2012), respectively. The results showed that the ITS, GS, GAPDH, ACT and TUB2 genes of the target strain (JXHTC19) have 100%, 95%, 100%, 97% and 98% sequence homology with C. brevisporum, respectively. The sequences obtained were deposited in GenBank (MF993572, MN737615, MN737614, MG515612, and MG515615[LJ1]). All five sequences were analyzed together with representative sequences from type or ex-type specimens of the Colletotrichum genus (Yang et al. 2011, Weir et al. 2012) and a phylogenetic tree was generated via the neighbor-joining method using MEGA6. The tree placed the isolate in the same group as C. brevisporum. Thus, both morphological and molecular characteristics identified the pathogen as C. brevisporum. To verify Koch's postulates, two-year-old leaves of healthy potted D. odorifera plants (n = 6) were inoculated with a spore suspensions of JXHTC19 that contained 105 conidia/ml. Plants were sprayed with water to serve as mock-inoculated controls [LJ2](Garibaldi et al, 2020). Six plants per treatment were used in each test. The test was repeated once.Plants were incubated in moist chambers at 26°C and monitored daily for symptom development. After five days, eleven of twelve isolates [LJ3]caused lesions on all inoculated plants, whereas no symptoms developed on the mock-inoculated controls. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolating the same fungus and verifying its colony and morphological characters as C. brevisporum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this species causing anthracnose of D. odorifera in China. Corresponding measures must be adopted to manage this disease such as reducing the planting density of D. odorifera and increasing the species diversity of undergrowth vegetation. These results could help develop better monitoring and management practices for this disease.
作者机构：
[刘昌霖; 周国英; 肖柏; 刘君昂] Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultination and Conseration of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
通讯机构：
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultination and Conseration of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
作者机构：
[Hui Nian Liu; Jun Ang Liu; Guo Ying Zhou] Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410004, China
通讯机构：
[Jun Ang Liu] C;Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410004, China
关键词：
fungi;epidemiology;disease development and spread;tropical plants
摘要：
Tea-oil tree (Camellia oleifera) is a unique edible-oil tree in China, and anthracnose occurs in wherever it is cultivated, causing great economic losses each year. We have previously identified the Ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum fructicola as the major pathogen of anthracnose in Ca. oleifera. The purpose of this study was to characterize the biological function of Snf1 protein, a key component of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway, for the molecular pathogenic-mechanisms of C. fructicola. We characterized CfSnf1 as the homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf1. Targeted CfSNF1 gene deletion revealed that CfSnf1 is involved in the utilization of specific carbon sources, conidiation, and stress responses. We further found that the ΔCfSnf1 mutant was not pathogenic to Ca. oleifera, resulting from its defect in appressorium formation. In addition, we provided evidence showing crosstalk between the AMPK and the cAMP/PKA pathways for the first time in filamentous fungi. This study indicate that CfSnf1 is a critical factor in the development and pathogenicity of C. fructicola and, therefore, a potential fungicide target for anthracnose control.
作者机构：
[李河; 李司政; 王悦辰; 刘君昂; 徐建平; 周国英] Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
通讯机构：
Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
关键词：
fungal rust disease, plant crops, sua wood, annual ryegrass, maize, peanut, spring onion, biological control
摘要：
Larvae of a gall midge were found feeding on the fungal rust Maravalia pterocarpi (Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Chaconiaceae) infesting the economically important sua tree Dalbergia tonkinensis (Fabaceae) on Hainan Island, China. The adults, pupae and larvae were collected, their morphology was studied and a segment of the Cytochrome Oxidase unit I (COI) mitochondrial gene was sequenced. The gall midge proved to be a species new to science that belongs to the genus Mycodiplosis (Diptera: Cecdiomyiidae). Comparison of the sequence to published Cecdiomyiidae sequences revealed that, despite being undescribed and unnamed, it was previously found in east and south-east Asia to feed on several rust species: Puccinia coronata (Pucciniomycetes: Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae) that develops on Lolium multiflorum (Poaceae), Puccinia sp. on Zea mays (Poaceae), Puccinia arachidis on Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae) and Puccinia allii on Allium fistulosum (Amaryllidaceae). The new species is described and named here Mycodiplosis puccinivora Jiao, Bu & Kolesik. It occurs in China, Japan, Thailand, Bangladesh and possibly Malaysia and Australia. In Hainan it has four to five generations per year.
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is one of the largest membrane‐protein families. To investigate the role of MFS proteins in the fungal plant anthracnose pathogen <jats:italic>Colletotrichum fructicola</jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>CfMFS1</jats:italic> gene was deleted. This resulted in reduced mycelial growth, conidial yield and decreased virulence on tea oil camellia leaves. In addition, ∆<jats:italic>Cfmfs1</jats:italic> showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress and to a cell‐wall stressor. Further analysis revealed that CfMfs1 is required for conidial penetration and appressorial turgor pressure, both important for fungal pathogen invasion. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that CfMfs1 is localized to membranes of both hyphae and conidia, suggesting that it may be a membrane transporter. Our study provides evidence that CfMfs1 has a role in conidiation, sugar transport, stress response, conidial penetration, appressorial turgor pressure and virulence against tea oil camellia.</jats:p>
