The vehicle routing problem (VRP) with split pick-up and delivery of multi-category goods is characterized by low carbon, demand splitting and simultaneous pick-up and delivery. In view of this, a mathematical model for optimizing vehicle routing with the objective of minimizing the total cost (comprising the fixed cost, carbon emission cost and penalty cost) is established by considering traffic conditions, satisfaction, and energy saving and emission reduction. A new improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is designed to solve the model and an initial solution is generated with pher...
