Ecological security pattern (ESP) represents a sound spatial arrangement of ecosystem occurring in landscape. The research on the optimization of ESP aims to improve and restore the ecosystem functions by rationally allocating and optimizing the ecological elements based on the key ecological issues. Constructing and optimizing ESP can enhance the connectivity of regional habitat patches, which is of great significance for protecting and restoring biodiversity, improving ecosystem stability and resilience, and achieving regional sustainable development. However, it is a challenging task to sys...
