Integrated rice-duck farming (IRDF) has proven to decrease methane (CH4) emissions due to increased dissolved oxygen caused by duck bioturbation. The duck bioturbation, however, also causes many bubbles of CH4 that were overlooked in previous studies. Therefore, it is uncertain whether IRDF could decrease CH4 emissions. We hypothesize that the effect of IRDF on CH4 emissions is related with the intensity of duck bioturbation. We simulated duck's disturbance (trampling and foraging) by stirring and aerating the surface soil in flooded rice fields. Three treatments were disturbed with an interva...