This study proposed and applied innovative methods for constructing elaborated tunnel models and stratified rock masses, utilizing 3D printing technology and gypsum-based materials. In the test, three types of elaborated tunnel models and a traditional model are constructed and their application effects are compared in physical model tests. Experimental results indicate that elaborated models with base structures, such as inverted arch filling, more accurately represent the deformation and damage observed in actual tunnels. The precision of these elaborated models is enhanced by 3D printing te...
