In the distributed assembly flowshop scheduling problem (DAFSP), the transportation resources between the production and assembly stages are rarely scheduled. However, for production managers, the transportation stage is important as it directly influences the cooperation between the production and assembly phases. Hence, in this study, a critical variant of the DAFSP, called the distributed assembly hybrid flowshop scheduling problem with transportation resource scheduling (DAHFSPT), is evaluated. DAHFSPT considers several vehicles for component delivery, and the early assembly is allowed in ...