Ecosystem services play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, providing essential functions. This study examines the trade-offs and synergies among five key ecosystem services in ecological forests across different regions of Hunan Province, China. Various machine learning models are compared to predict ecosystem service value (ESV) levels, with the most effective predictive model identified. The SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis is employed to identify key environmental and management factors influencing ecosystem services. Our findings reveal significant regional vari...
