Growing nanotechnology use in agriculture can transform traditional practices. This study investigated the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in Hibiscus syriacus L. cultivation, examining: particle size (30, 50, and 90nm), concentration (10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000mg/L), and application method (seed priming and foliar application). In seed priming experiments, low concentrations (10-100mg/L) of all tested NP sizes enhanced germination parameters, while higher concentrations showed inhibitory effects. The optimal treatment was 30nm ZnO NPs at 50mg/L, achieving a 68.89% germinatio...
