Marine eutrophication, primarily driven by nutrient over input from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, and atmospheric deposition, leads to harmful algal blooms (HABs) that pose a severe threat to marine ecosystems. This review explores the causes, monitoring methods, and control strategies for eutrophication in marine environments. Monitoring techniques include remote sensing, automated in situ sensors, modeling, forecasting, and metagenomics. Remote sensing provides large-scale temporal and spatial data, while automated sensors offer real-time, high-resolution monitoring. Modeling an...
