Based on the vehicle−track coupled dynamics theory,two 3D dynamic finite element(FE)models,including the train−track−prestressed subgrade model and train-track-conventional subgrade model,were established using the vertical track irregularity spectrum of heavy-haul rail...MORE Based on the vehicle−track coupled dynamics theory,two 3D dynamic finite element(FE)models,including the train−track−prestressed subgrade model and train-track-conventional subgrade model,were established using the vertical track irregularity spectrum of heavy-haul ...