The in-situ templating method is employed to incorporate CNs onto the tracheid wall of the PCW, as shown in Fig. 1. We utilize renewable wood with inherent carbonaceous properties as the carbon substrate and subjected it to sequential processes including cutting, delignification, CO2 activation, and carbonization to obtain PCW. The delignification process enhances the porosity and increases the availability of active sites. The exposure of wood to CO2 at 750 °C leads to the formation of new
