Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have garnered considerable attention as one of the most promising candidates for future energy storage systems. Electrochemical reactions based on lithium and sulfur exhibit remarkable characteristics, including high specific energy density (2600 Wh kg- 1) and high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g- 1), equivalent to three to five times those of lithium-ion batteries. However, the low electrical conductivity of sulfur, shuttle effect of polysulfides, and issue of volume expansion during charge-discharge processes hinder the commercial application of LSBs...
